MCQs of International Relations - Miscellaneous MCQs (l) – Multiple Choice Question

Question 1 of 192

1. Question

The rise of new social movements indicates that:

people vote according to pragmatic issues and concerns
consumer identities are more important than class identities
personal, cultural and environmental issues can mobilise political consciousness just as much as economic interests
all of the above

Question 2 of 192

2. Question

What is an empire?

A state which dominates other states with or without taking over them
An area appropriated by a political community
A distinct political entity which possesses both home and foreign territories
A association of states based on common interests and norms

Question 3 of 192

3. Question

What were the main features of the international society of the Ancient Greeks?

It was a system of independent city states
It was a geographical and cultural unit but not a political one, based on polis and Hellenic culture
It was a system without an explicit conception of international law
All of the above

Question 4 of 192

4. Question

Respublica Christiana:

enhanced the authority of kings and the legitimacy of their kingdoms.
broke free from the medieval empire and flourished in northern Italy between the fourteenth and the sixteenth centuries.
was a universal society based on a joint structure of religious and political authority.
saw the end of the role of the Pope in mediating between sovereign rulers.

Question 5 of 192

5. Question

What year was the Treaty of Westphalia?

1713
1648
1635
1857

Question 6 of 192

6. Question

What was the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia?

It marked the defeat of the Habsburgs
It marked the beginning of a shift from religious orthodoxy to international diversity based on secular states
It attempted to organize European on an anti-hegemonic principle
All of the above

Question 7 of 192

7. Question

Hugo Grotius understood international law as:

an instrumental foreign policy outlook in which political virtue was equated with astuteness in the development and employment of state power.
potentially restricting war and expanding peace by clarifying standards of conduct which were insulated against all religious doctrines and could therefore govern the relations of all independent states, Protestant and Catholic alike.
a doctrine and an arrangement whereby the power of one state (or group of states) is checked by the countervailing power of other states.
none of the above.

Question 8 of 192

8. Question

A suzerain state is:

a state which dominates and subordinates neighbouring states, without taking them over.
an association of sovereign states based on their common interests, values, and norms.
a power and control exercised by a leading state over other state.
the practice of foreign conquest and rule in the context of global relations of hierarchy and subordination.

Question 9 of 192

9. Question

Global covenant refers to:

the rules, values and norms that govern the global society of states.
the society produced by globalization.
a shared value and conduct of stability and predictability in the relations of states.
the formal rules of conduct that states acknowledge or contract between themselves.

Question 10 of 192

10. Question

The international society perspective is principally concerned with:

how states pursue their own interests.
transnational or ideological solidarity.
the normative structure of the order that has been created in this international society.
all of the above

Question 11 of 192

11. Question

Contemporary problems of international society include:

enormous economic inequality across the globe.
the European origins of international society.
the continuance of security dilemmas.
all of the above

Question 12 of 192

12. Question

What was the principle of ‘self-determination’ in Wilson’s 14 points?

That each 'people' should enjoy self-government over its sovereign nation state
That a state can take over territory if it sees it as necessary for its national interest
The pursuit of national economic self-sufficiency
That members of the League of Nations would take an attack on a member as an attack on them all

Question 13 of 192

13. Question

How might the Treaty of Versailles have contributed to World War ll?

It was too hard economically on Germany
The principle of self determination was not applied to Germany and the consequent territorial arrangements were harsh
It bequeathed Germany's legitimate grievances
All of the above

Question 14 of 192

14. Question

What significant domestic events occurred in the USSR between the wars?

The Bolshevik revolution under Stalin
Stalin came to power concentrating on socialism and introduced the first five year plan
Lenin concluded a separate peace treaty with Germany
None of the above

Question 15 of 192

15. Question

What was the Manchurian Crisis?

China slipped into civil war as Guomindang Nationalists fought Mao Zedong's Communist party
Japan occupied Manchuria and established Manchuguo. The League of Nations took no forcible action against Japan thereby failing to deter future imperial ecpansion
Japan failed to get racial equality written into the Treaty of Versailles
Japan suffered from an earthquake in 1923 resulting in a hundred thousands deaths

Question 16 of 192

16. Question

Which of the following contributed to war in Asia and the Pacific?

US provided China with military assistance
US cancelled its 1911 trade agreement with Japan
Japan sought to acquire territories in South-East Asia
All of the above

Question 17 of 192

17. Question

What was ‘appeasement’? Was it a good policy?

A policy of making concessions to Germany in hopes that settlement of more modest claims will calm that state's expansionist appetites. It was a good policy.
A policy that people should appease themselves through self-determination. It was a good policy.
A policy of making concessions to Germany in hopes that settlement of more modest claims will calm that state's expansionist appetites. It was not a good policy.
A policy that people should appease themselves through self-determination. It was not a good policy.

Question 18 of 192

18. Question

What is Lebensraum?

Living space - i.e. Aryan Germans must expand eastward and fulfill its racial and historical destiny as the fittest race
A place where Hitler's targets of oppression convened
The belief that Aryan Germans are the most superior race
None of the above

Question 19 of 192

19. Question

Total War refers to:

the US dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan.
how the two world wars were not only global in scale but the pursuit of 'unconditional surrender' from opponents.
the pursuit of national economic self-sufficiency.
the dues owed by the vanquished nations to their victorious former enemies.

Question 20 of 192

20. Question

Autarky refers to:

the dues owed by the vanquished nations to their victorious former enemies.
the policy of making concessions to a revanchist state.
the pursuit of national economic self-sufficiency.
all of the above.

Question 21 of 192

21. Question

How did World War ll alter the global balance of power?

From Germany to France
From Germany and USSR to Japan
To the USSR
To the US

Question 22 of 192

22. Question

Which Country is a former British colony?

Mozambique
Ethiopia
Vietnam
Burma

Question 23 of 192

23. Question

What was/were the major ‘Third World’ revolution between 1974-1980?

Khmer Rouge takes Phnom Penh (Cambodia 1975)
Sandanistas take Managua (Nicaragua 1079)
Oathet Lao takes over (Laos 1975)
All of the above

Question 24 of 192

24. Question

When do you think the Cold War can be said to have really begun?

The Russian revolution of 1917
Between 1945-50
Depends on the historian
None of the above

Question 25 of 192

25. Question

How did the emergence of nuclear technology change the face of world politics?

It resulted in the Cuban Missile Crisis
Led to an arms race
It led to various international crises in which there was risk of nuclear war
All of the above

Question 26 of 192

26. Question

What period is known as the ‘second cold war’?

1979-1986
1979-1989
1974-1989
1974-1986

Question 27 of 192

27. Question

What is meant by detente?

Relaxation of tension between North and South (late 1960s - late 10970s)
Intensification of tension between North and South (late 1960s - late 1980s)
Relaxation of tension between East and West (late 1960s - late 1970s)
Intensification of tension between North and South (late 1960s - 1980s)

Question 28 of 192

28. Question

What was the major Cold War crisis?

The Cuban missile crisis
The Taiwan Straits crisis
The Arab Israeli war
All of the above

Question 29 of 192

29. Question

Star Wars refers to:

Luke Skywalker
Strategic Defense Initiative
Space based nuclear war
Strategic destruction initiative

Question 30 of 192

30. Question

What was the Non-Proliferation Treaty?

Those states which possessed nuclear weapons would commit themselves to halt the arms race
It banned atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons
It reduced strategic arms
None of the above

Question 31 of 192

31. Question

What is meant by Ostpolitik?

The East German government's 'Western Policy' of the mid to late 1960s, designed to develop relations between West Germany and members of the Warsaw pact.
The West German government's 'Eastern Policy' of the mid to late 1960s, designed to develop relations between West Germany and members of the Warsaw pact
Statement of Soviet foreign ministry that countries of Eastern Europe were 'doing it their way'
Statement by Soviet foreign ministry that East Germany was 'doing it their way'

Question 32 of 192

32. Question

What did Stalin mean by ‘Socialism in One Country?

The essential unity of European through communism
Global peace through socialism
Justification for USSR's departure from the Marxist view that socialism in the USSR could only succeed in conjunction with socialist revolutions in advanced countries
Justification for USSR's departure from the Leninist view that socialism in the USSR could only succeed in conjunction with socialist revolutions in the US

Question 33 of 192

33. Question

The key structural element(s) of the cold war is/are:

Political and military rivalry between US and USSR
Ideological conflict between capitalism and communism
Extension of superpower conflict to the third world
All of the above

Question 34 of 192

34. Question

In what ways the end of the cold war (1989-91) significant?

It marked the beginning of the rise of China
Important changes took place at the level of the Nation-State
It modified the roles of international organization
b and c

Question 35 of 192

35. Question

Which of the following was an ‘internal’ reason for the collapse of the USSR?

Freedom of worship
Structural weaknesses in the economy
New joint ventures law
Pressure of ideological conformity

Question 36 of 192

36. Question

What was the Brezhnev doctrine?

Limited sovereignty for eastern bloc nation
Full sovereignty for soviet bloc nations
A way through which eastern bloc nations could facilities reform
None of the above

Question 37 of 192

37. Question

Which of the following led to tHE seemingly quick collapse of the USSR?

Increasing dissent from the Polish union Solidarity
Gorbachev's abandonment of the Brezhnev doctrine
Failed attempts of Eastern European leaders to stem the tide of revolution in 1989 by installing new personnel
All of the above

Question 38 of 192

38. Question

What is the sequence of revolutions in Eastern Europe from 1988?
i.Hungarian Parliament permits independent parties
ii.Hungary adopts new constitution guaranteeing multiparty democracy
iii.Elections in in Poland won by Solidarity candidates
iv.Czechoslovakia opens borders for Easterners seeking to go west

i, ii, iii, iv
i, iii, iv, ii
i, iii, ii, iv
i, iv, iii, ii

Question 39 of 192

39. Question

Why did Gorbachev abandon the Brezhnev doctrine?

He thought that the suppression of Eastern Europe would be inconsistent with his domestic reforms
His credibility at home was failing
He wished to end the division in Europe
All of the above

Question 40 of 192

40. Question

What role did nuclear weapons play in the relatively peaceful end to the Cold War?

The US threatened to outspend the Soviet Union in the race for Nuclear Arms causing Gorbachev to negotiate real reductions in arms
The two countries pooled their nuclear weapons
The nuclear weapons had no role in the end of the Cold War
It caused the Cuban Missile Crisis

Question 41 of 192

41. Question

What is Pax Americana?

An American missile
Peace through American power
Russian for 'defeat America'
None of the above

Question 42 of 192

42. Question

What does Francis Fukuyama mean by ‘the end of history’?

The triumph of economic political liberalism
Convergence between capitalism and socialism
End of ideology
All of the above

Question 43 of 192

43. Question

What does liberal optimism about the post-cold war era rest on?

That democracies do not go to war with one another
That institutions can overcome the logic of anarchy
That modern capitalism binds states closely together
All of the above

Question 44 of 192

44. Question

Realists are realists because:

they are realistic.
they believe they have more historically rooted analysis about the international system.
they believe that conflict is cultural and not ideological or economic.
they believe that the structures of hegemony established in one era still remain intact.

Question 45 of 192

45. Question

Which of the following factors led to US hegemony?
i.end of cold war
ii.early defeat of Iraq in 1991
iii.economic boom in the US
iv.high levels of military expenditure

i, ii, iii
i, ii, iv
i, ii, iii, iv
i, iii, iv

Question 46 of 192

46. Question

What is ‘market Stalinism’?

Shutting down free markets like Stalin would
The coupling of communism and capitalism specific to China
The term used to describe US's economic relation with China
None of the above

Question 47 of 192

47. Question

What have been the main consequences of the Asian economic crisis of 1997?

It shook political norms to the core and in some cases led to change in government
It undermined the attractiveness of East Asia prosperity
It championed the liberal model of individualism and choice over traditionalism, community, and hierarchy.
All of the above

Question 48 of 192

48. Question

How has the end of the cold war (arguably) exacerbated the north-south divide?

It brought less developed countries under the control of the west and its economic institutions
It led to a reduction in foreign aid
It made it difficult for 'third world' countries to exploit the superpower rivalry for their own benefit
All of the above

Question 49 of 192

49. Question

Peruvian economist De Soto suggests:

that capitalism is the only way forward for developing countries.
that capitalism has triumphed in the west but failed elsewhere.
that developing countries are in the state they are for not having paid attention to the IMF.
none of the above.

Question 50 of 192

50. Question

September 11 was seen to be:

the day the post-cold war era effect came to and end.
a savage protest by the dispossessed against US hegemony.
the day the world started paying attention to the developing world.
a and b.

Question 51 of 192

51. Question

What is the Realist image of the state?

The state is the most important actor of international politics and sovereign is its distinguishing trait
The state will always seek to ensure its survival in a perilous international environment
The state behaves morally and in accordance to what its population's values are
Both a and b

Question 52 of 192

52. Question

What is meant by unipolarity?

A polarized university
The notion that the US has now become and is likely to remain the only major power in the world
The notion that the US is spreading its reach as an 'empire'
b and c

Question 53 of 192

53. Question

How is the ‘national interest’ defined/determined by Realists?

States define national interest depending on what its people's priorities are
States prioritize national interests insofar as they guarantee the state's survival
Realists see national interest as homologous to regional interests
National interest is determined by its degree of economic profitability

Question 54 of 192

54. Question

How does Realism understand the concept of power?

Power is based on economic strength
Power is relational concept
Power is a relative concept
Both a and c

Question 55 of 192

55. Question

How important is the security dilemma for realist understandings of world politics?

Very important, as it determines how, or if, balance of power emerges
Very important, as it determines if balance of power emerges naturally or must be constructed
Important, but not crucial to realist understandings of world politics
Both a and b

Question 56 of 192

56. Question

What is the ‘ethic of responsibility’ and how does it relate to world politics?

It is the responsibility realists have towards the world; this creates a more realistic scene in world politics
It marks the limits of ethics in international relations; this results in decision-markers weighing up consequences and sometimes expecting positive outcomes of amoral actions
It is a vow politicians take, which requires them to take responsibility for the ethics of their international actions
None of the above

Question 57 of 192

57. Question

If liberal states don’t go to war with one another how does this undermine Realism?

Because this would challenge the realist claim that periods of peace are just a preparation for future wars
It does not undermine realism, since realism predicts they will not go to war with one another
Because it would challenge the principle of self-help, by which the structure of the system does not permit friendship, trust and honour
Both and c

Question 58 of 192

58. Question

What is understood by ‘survival?

The need to provide shelter, nutrition and education in a state
It is the supreme national interest to which all political leaders must adhere
The primary objective of all states
Both b and c

Question 59 of 192

59. Question

Realists are:

advocates of aggressive foreign policy and war.
supporters of war when it is necessary to further a rational understanding of the national interest.
concerned withe economic development only.
afraid terrorism will make the world a less secure place.

Question 60 of 192

60. Question

What is the state of war?

A state that is aggressive and always building up its military
The conditions when there is no actual conflict but a permanent cold war that could become a 'real' war at any time
A situation in which several or neighboring states are at war
None of the above

Question 61 of 192

61. Question

What are the reasons to think that the 21st century will be a realist century?

Africa is still plagued by civil conflict
Europe continues to be divided by national interests
Human rights assumptions are increasingly seen as a Western agenda backed by economic dollars and military divisions
a and c

Question 62 of 192

62. Question

The claims of liberalism are:

all citizens are juridically equal and have equal rights to education, access to free press, religious tolerance.
the legislative assembly of the state posses only those powers vested in it by the people.
liberty of the individual is the right to own property including productive forces.
all of the above.

Question 63 of 192

63. Question

What are Kant’s Three Articles of Perpetual Peace?
i.The civil constitution of every state shall be republican
ii.The civil constitution of every state shall be democratic
iii.The Right of Nations shall be based on a Federation of Free States
iv.Cosmopolitanism Right shall be limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality

i, iii, iv
i, ii, iii
i, ii, iv
i, iii, iv

Question 64 of 192

64. Question

Neo-liberals share with ne0-realists their belief in:

the anarchic international structure and centrality of states.
theory of international regimes.
that anarchy does not mean durable patterns of cooperation are impossible.
all of the above

Question 65 of 192

65. Question

In which way did the UN charter differ from the League of Nations?
i.That membership was near universal in the former
ii.That the Great Powers were able to prevent any enforcement action from taking place which might be contrary to their interests

i
ii
both i and ii
neither i nor ii

Question 66 of 192

66. Question

Radical Liberals argue that:

Hegemonic institutional order has fallen prey to the neo-liberal consensus which minimizes the role of public sector in providing welfare and elevates the market.
Hegemonic institutional order has fallen prey to the Marxist consensus which maximizes the role of public sector in providing welfare and has no faith in the market.
Hegemonic institutional order has fallen prey to the neo-liberal consensus which maximizes the role of public sector in providing welfare and elevates the market.
None of the above.

Question 67 of 192

67. Question

According to David Held what would a ‘cosmopolitan model of democracy’ entail?

The creation of regional parliaments
Human rights conventions must be entrenched into national parliaments and monitored by new International Court of Human Rights
Reform and/or replacement of the UN with a more accountable global parliament
All of the above

Question 68 of 192

68. Question

Radical liberals place importance on:

the civilizing capacity of global civil society.
rule of law and institutions.
international laws.
all of the above.

Question 69 of 192

69. Question

Define Collective Security.

Each state in a system abides by international law.
Each state in a system accepts that security for one is security for all and agrees to join in a collective response to aggression.
Each state in a system contributes to collective security by maximizing its security self-interest.
None of the above.

Question 70 of 192

70. Question

‘Harmony of Interests’ is the idea that:

Natural order of between peoples which has been corrupted by undemocratic state leaders and outdated policies such as the balance of power. Without these distortions there would be no 'real' conflict between people
Natural order of between peoples which has been corrupted by undemocratic state leaders and outdated policies such as the balance of power. Without these distortions the conflict between people would be of a different nature.
Natural order of between peoples which has been corrupted by Marxism, without which there would be no 'real' conflict between people.
Natural order of between peoples can only exist if they have the same interests.

Question 71 of 192

71. Question

The idea of ‘Democratic Peace’ is:

a central plank of liberal internationalist thought.
that liberal polities exhibit restraint in their relations with other liberal polities.
that liberal polities are imprudent in relations with authoritarian states.
all of the above.

Question 72 of 192

72. Question

What are the main differences between ‘offensive’ and ‘defensive’ realists?

Offensive realists are more contemporary, defensive realists are more traditional
Offensive realists emphasize the importance of relative power and are always wary of expansionary powers. Defensive realists recognize the cost of war and are more open to cooperation, but realized that weapons will always be needed given the existence of expansionary powers
Offensive realists are advocates of free trade and international cooperation, while defensive realists propose protectionist measures and isolationism
Offensive realists prefer pre-emptive attacks, defensive realists will only go to war to defend themselves

Question 73 of 192

73. Question

Why has the neo-neo debate dominated international theory?

The debate has not dominated international theory
Because it represents a debate between paradigms that define an agenda for research, policymaking, the field of study
Because academics want to keep the debate alive by inventing new theories
None of the above

Question 74 of 192

74. Question

Why has it been a particularly American phenomenon?

Because the brain-drain has resulted in most academics in International Relations to be in American institutions
Because it is a debate among 'rule-makers', and the United State needs to define a direction for its approach to foreign policy
Because the US is today's hegemon
All of the above

Question 75 of 192

75. Question

What are the core assumptions of neo-realists?

The structure of the system is a major determinant of actor behaviour
States are rational actors, selecting strategies to maximize benefits and minimize losses
The most critical problem presented by anarchy is survival]
All of the above

Question 76 of 192

76. Question

What are the core assumptions of neo-liberals?

States seek to maximize absolute gains through cooperation
The greatest obstacle to cooperation is cheating
States will shift loyalty to institutions if they are seen as mutually beneficial and if they provide states with increasing opportunities to secure their international interests
All of the above

Question 77 of 192

77. Question

Why are game-theoretic approaches so suited to ‘neo-neo’ work?

Because game-theoretic approaches are easier to understand
Game-theoretic approaches are not suited to realist work
Because this approach allows an analysis of relative and absolute gains, which is a central point of the 'neo-neo' debate
None of the above

Question 78 of 192

78. Question

What are the three types of liberalism?

Liberalism, neo-liberalism and post-liberalism
Northern liberalism, southern liberalism and compassionate liberalism
Commercial liberalism, republican liberalism and sociological liberalism
Neo-liberal internationalism, sociological liberalism, liberal institutionalism

Question 79 of 192

79. Question

What is left out of the ‘neo-neo’ debate?

The role of domestic politics
The possibility leaders learn from their experiences
Political globalization and the shift of political activity away from the state
All of the above

Question 80 of 192

80. Question

According to neo-realists what are the new security challenged presented by globalization?

Globalization provides for more opportunities for terrorist networks to be formed
Inequality and uneven nature of economic globalization, which can create instability is strategic regions
The quest for the lowest common denominator could lead to the loss of industries that are important for national security
Both b and c

Question 81 of 192

81. Question

What is globalization according to Waltz?

A great opportunity for free trade to expand in the world
A fad of the 1990s
The new international order
A force that causes states to lose control over their institutions

Question 82 of 192

82. Question

What is the materialist conception of history?

Processes of historical change are a reflection of the economic development of society
Processes of economic change are based in history
Processes of historical change are based in class war
None of the above

Question 83 of 192

83. Question

What is the relationship between base and superstructure?

The change in the economic base of a society leads to the change in superstructure
The change in superstructure leads to the change in he economic base of a society
Both a and b
Neither a nor b

Question 84 of 192

84. Question

Immanuel Wallerstein argues:

There are two types of world system: world-empires and world-economies
The modern world system is a world economy
The world system has a core, semi-periphery and periphery
All of the above

Question 85 of 192

85. Question

Antonio Gramsci’s view of power is:

it comes out of a barrel of a gun
it is a mixture of coercion and consent
it is purely economic
it is purely economic

Question 86 of 192

86. Question

Gramsci shifted the focus of Marxist analysis through which of the following ideas?

Hegemony is a product of the lack of class conflict.
That consent for a particular social and political system was produced and reproduced through the operation of hegemony.
Both and b.
None of the above.

Question 87 of 192

87. Question

According to critical theorists, what is ’emancipation’?

A reconciliation with power
Humanity gaining power over nature
A reconciliation with nature
None of the above

Question 88 of 192

88. Question

According to Robert Cox, what is critical theory?

Critical theory attempts to challenge power
Critical theory accepts the parameters of the present order and critiques it within those parameters
Critical theory attempts to challenge the prevailing order by seeking out social processes that could lead to emancipatory change
Critical theory accepts the parameters of the present order and helps legitimate an unjust system

Question 89 of 192

89. Question

What are the main concerns of the members of the Frankfurt School?

The social basis and nature of the members of authoritarianism
The structure of the family
The concepts of reason and rationality
All of the above

Question 90 of 192

90. Question

Justin Rosenberg argues:

that Realism is a historical in its account of international relations.
that the theory of anarchy is contained within Marx's analysis of capitalism (anarchy is a key feature of capitalist production).
historical change in world politics can be understood as a reflection of transformations in the prevailing relations of production.
all of the above.

Question 91 of 192

91. Question

Marxist see globalization as:

an anomaly in the history of the development of capitalism.
a part of long-term trends in the development of capitalism.
something to be prevented.
none of the above.

Question 92 of 192

92. Question

What are the most influential contributions for establishing constructivism’s theoretical foundation?

K. Waltz's Theory of International Politics
R Ashley's critique of neo-realism and F. Kratochwil's treatment of rules and norms in international relations
A Wendt's writings on structure and agency
b and c

Question 93 of 192

93. Question

According to Robert Keohane, what is the greatest weakness of the reflective schools?

The lack of a clear reflective program that could be employed by students of world politics
The lack of quantitative evidence to prove their assertions
The lack of qualitative data to prove their assertions
None of the above

Question 94 of 192

94. Question

Which background factors sponsor the rise of constructivism?

The rise of liberalism
The end of the cold war, which triggered the prominence of non-traditional security issues, transnationalism, human rights
The rise of Islam
None of the above

Question 95 of 192

95. Question

What disciplines did constructivists draw from?

Positivism
Classical political philosophy
Sociological theory
Micro economics

Question 96 of 192

96. Question

How did constructivism offer new insight into the study of international relations?

It focused on the decision-makers and their backgrounds
It looked at how diplomatic institutions are constructed
It demonstrated how attention to norms and states' identities could help uncover previously neglected issues
None of the above

Question 97 of 192

97. Question

What is social theory concerned with?

It is concerned with the interaction of individuals with international agents
It is concerned with the how to conceptualise the relationship between agents and structures
It is concerned with the way government structures determine social and individual behaviour
All of the above

Question 98 of 192

98. Question

Generally, what do constructivists agree on about social sciences?

Constructvists reject the 'unity of science thesis', or that methods of the natural sciences could understand the social world
What necessitates a human science is the need to understand how individuals give significance and meaning to their actions
They agree that social sciences can produce objective, although time-bound, explanations
All of the above

Question 99 of 192

99. Question

What are stories about diffusion?

Explanations about how particular organizational models, practices, norms, strategies, or beliefs spread within a population
Ideas of how an ideology becomes widespread
An obscure mechanical problem in automobiles
None of the above

Question 100 of 192

100. Question

What are the causes of diffusion of social institutions?

Coercion and strategic competition
Formal and informal pressures: symbolic or economic
Recommendation of professional associations and expert communities
All of the above

Question 101 of 192

101. Question

What are the three stages of the life cycle of norms?

Norms imposition, norm rejection, norm decline
Norm emergence, norm cascade, norm internalisation
Norm emergence, norm climax, norm decline
None of the above

Question 102 of 192

102. Question

In recent years which of the following developments have undermined realism?

Neo-liberal insititutionalism
Globalization
Positivism
All of the above

Question 103 of 192

103. Question

Theories can be distinguished according to whether they are:

explanatory or constitutive.
foundational or anti-foundational.
liberal or anti-liberal
a and b.

Question 104 of 192

104. Question

The three main theories comprising he inter-paradigm debate were based on which positivist assumption?

Denial that science and social science can use the same methodologies and that facts and values can be distinguished.
That social science should aim to use the same methodology as science
That human beings are rational
None of the above

Question 105 of 192

105. Question

Contemporary historical sociology looks at:

how societies developed before the middle ages.
interactions between states, classes, capitalism and war.
It does not look at feminism and post-modernism.
a and b.

Question 106 of 192

106. Question

The key distinction in normative theory is between:

cosmopolitanism communitarianism
cosmopolitanism and post modernism.
feminism and post modernism.
communitarianism and post modernism.

Question 107 of 192

107. Question

Post-colonial feminists:

work on gender, race and class on a global scale.
look into how femininity is constructed
suggest that liberal feminists have in some cases been cultural imperialists.
a and c.

Question 108 of 192

108. Question

Foucault focuses on the power-knowledge relationship and sees the two as:

independent.
mutually constitutive.
contradictory.
none of the above.

Question 109 of 192

109. Question

Derrida argues that:

the world can be grasped using a rationalist approach.
the world cannot be grasped but has to be interpreted.
the world is inexplicable.
the view of the world depends on your position in society.

Question 110 of 192

110. Question

How do post-modernists react to the criticism that their theories are too theoretical and not concerned with the real world?

In the social world there is no such thing as real
It doesn't matter that it's too theoretical
Theory is the instrument of change
None of the above

Question 111 of 192

111. Question

Edward Said argues in his book Orientalism:

that knowledge and material power can be separated but only be those from the Orient.
that knowledge and material power cannot be separated.
that Western culture was fundamentally intertwined with imperialism and hegemonically represented the 'East'.
a and c.

Question 112 of 192

112. Question

What is meant by national security?

Security of country defined in socio-economic terms
Security largely defined in militarized terms
Security based on a country's domestic politics
None of the above

Question 113 of 192

113. Question

Why is ‘uncertainty’ so crucial to the realist account of security?

Because it causes the system to be anarchic
Because it leads to lack of trust in the international system
Because it changes the balance of power in the international system
None of the above

Question 114 of 192

114. Question

What is meant by security dilemma?

Where states help spread instability and conflict in between other states
It is the dilemma a state faces when dealing when constructing national security plans
A structural notion in which self-help attempts of states to look after their security needs, tend regardless of intention to lead to a rise in insecurity
All of the above

Question 115 of 192

115. Question

Contingent realists argue that standard structural realism is flawed because:

they reject competition bias inherent in the theory.
standard structural realism is flawed due to its emphasis on relative gains.
there is no emphasis on cheating.
a and b.

Question 116 of 192

116. Question

What do you understand by the term ‘institutionalized cooperation’?

Cooperation through international institutions as an approach to international security
Cooperation through institutions to creating mature anarchy
Cooperation through institutions to decrease the importance of arms
a and b

Question 117 of 192

117. Question

How does democratic peace theory challenge realism?

They place importance on internal norms and institutions
They challenge realist occupation with balance of power
They believe that war is a function of a state being liberal or not
All of the above

Question 118 of 192

118. Question

What is a ‘security community’?

It occurs when a group of states cooperate to manage their disputes and avoid war
It is a group of people which a territory develop a sense of community
It involves a group of states whose primary security concern link together closely enough that their national securities are interdependent
All of the above

Question 119 of 192

119. Question

Mature Anarchy is:

anarchy in which states recognize the intense dangers of continuing to complete aggressively in a nuclear world.
anarchy in which states attempt to cooperate though international institutions.
both a and b.
neither a nor b.

Question 120 of 192

120. Question

The problems with collective security are:

states find it difficult to distinguish between victim and aggressor in international conflicts.
It assumes that all aggression is wrong.
historical enmity or friendship complicates the working of the system.
all of the above.

Question 121 of 192

121. Question

Post-modernists view realism as:

a central problem of international security because it is the dominant discourse of power and rule.
a statist ideology out of touch with the reality of globalization.
unable to take into consideration the enormous complexity and indeterminacy of human behavior across its cultural, religious and historical roots.
all of the above.

Question 122 of 192

122. Question

Which of the following resulted from the Great Depression?

Increased trade barriers and devalued currencies
A stable exchange rate system
Free international capital flows
None of the above

Question 123 of 192

123. Question

What is the main role of the IMF?

To ensure stable exchange rate regime and provide emergency assistance to countries facing crises in balance of payments
To be a forum for trade and liberalization
To assist countries in development
To facilities private investment around the world

Question 124 of 192

124. Question

What is the main role of the World Bank?

To be a forum for trade and liberalization
To assist countries in development
To facilitate private investment around the worlds
All of the above

Question 125 of 192

125. Question

What is meant by the ‘Washington Consensus’?

The consensus in Washington about matters of foreign policy
The ten point guideline to liberal economic reform for development around the world
The ten point guideline for economic growth in Europe
The ten point neo-liberal guideline for progress in the US

Question 126 of 192

126. Question

Why do states undertake protectionist measures?

To assist private investment
To keep competitive foreign goods from flooding the market
To keep stable exchange rates
All of the above

Question 127 of 192

127. Question

What does structural adjustment involve?

Measures to reduce inflation
Measures to curb government expenditure
Deregulation
All of the above

Question 128 of 192

128. Question

What is the mercantilist view of IPE?

The world economy is where states seek to maximize their wealth and independence relative to other states
The world economy is an arena of capitalist competition in which social groups are always in conflict
Free trade and free movement of capital shape the policies of governments and economic actors
None of the above

Question 129 of 192

129. Question

What is Dependency Theory?

Economic activity in the richer countries often leads to serious economic problems in the poorer countries
Economic development of poorer countries is positively dependent on economic growth of richer countries
Economic growth is beneficial to all
None of the above

Question 130 of 192

130. Question

Constructivists approach pays attention to:

the rational actor.
how rational choice can be applied to constructing social groups.
that actors construct their interests within a structure of ideas, culture and knowledge (which itself is shaped by hegemonic powers).
how states and other actors construct their preferences, highlighting the role of identities, beliefs, tradition and values.

Question 131 of 192

131. Question

Under what conditions will states create international institutions?

For mutual gains
Only where position relative to other states is not affected
They arises as reflections of identities and interest of states and groups which are themselves forged though interactions
Depends on the school of thought

Question 132 of 192

132. Question

What does Jus ad bellum mean?

Justice and Beauty
Justice and order
The principle that states must observe treaties
Laws of war governing when it is legal to use force to or wage war

Question 133 of 192

133. Question

What is necessary before a rule can be considered customary international law?

Evidence of general state practice
That it is enshrined in a treaty
Evidence that states accept such practice as law
Both a and c

Question 134 of 192

134. Question

What are are the three levels of institutions in modern international society?

States, NGO's IGO's
Constitutional institutions, fundamental institutions, and regimes
Local, national and international
None of the above

Question 135 of 192

135. Question

What are the distinctive characteristics of the modern institution of international law?

A peculiar language of reasoning and argument
Multilateral form of legislation
A strong discourse of institutional autonomy
All of the above

Question 136 of 192

136. Question

How has the nature and scope of international society been conditioned by international legal instruments?

They have defined the nature of legitimate statehood
Legal instruments have given it a code of ethics, and a universal standard of order
They have clarified the bounds of rightful state actions, international and domestic
a and c

Question 137 of 192

137. Question

What are the distinctive characteristics of international legal arguments?

They tend to be bound by the policies of states
They are limited to the scope of the legislation a hand
They are rhetorical as well as logical
b and c

Question 138 of 192

138. Question

What is legal positivism?

The idea that legal rules have legitimacy when from their logical and practical derivation form a fundamental 'grundnorm'
The idea that natural law is no different than positive law, and that they are interdependent
The idea that authority of legal rules comes from their status as the commands of a sovereign authority
a and c

Question 139 of 192

139. Question

How is the neo-liberal approach to intentional law limited?

By their inability to explain the development of law in areas where the self-interests of states are unclear
By the failure to explain the origins of the modern system of international law
By their rejection of the idea that international law constitutes the identities and interests of states
None of the above

Question 140 of 192

140. Question

What can be said about the New Haven School?

The school where the realist approach to international law was conformed
It is also known as the policy approach
It is also known as the legal internationalism approach
It borrows from positivism and naturalism

Question 141 of 192

141. Question

What is the ‘New Stream’ critique of Liberalism?

The determinacy of international legal rules is questionable
The underlying logic of Liberalism in international law is incoherent
International legal thought operates within confined intellectual structure
All of the above

Question 142 of 192

142. Question

Define a regime?

A country with a constitution
Delineated area of rule-governed activity
A set of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decisionmaking procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations
b and c

Question 143 of 192

143. Question

What are Krasner’s four principle elements of a regime?

i. principles are represented by coherent bodies of theoretical statements about how the world works ii. norms specify general standards of behaviour iii. rules operate at a lower level of generality than principle and norms iv. decisionmaking procedures identify specific prescriptions for behaviour, which will regularly change as a regime is consolidated and extended
i.Rules are coherent with the way of life of its actors ii.representatives are elected democratically iii.there is a legal system iv.rule-enforement is under supervision
'the concept of the regime is so complicated, there are no principle element.'
None of the above

Question 144 of 192

144. Question

What are dead letter regimes?

The situation in which the regime does not have a clear successor to its ruler in case of death
A situation in which regime's constitution is not followed or insignificant
A situation in which formal rules have been brought into existence without any expectation that they will be observe
a and b

Question 145 of 192

145. Question

Why is reciprocity important for facilitating regime formation?

Because it is the major mechanism for establishing and maintaining a regime in the absence of a hegemon, since it deters actors from defecting
Because forming a regime needs much cooperation
Because following the golden rule puts all actors in the same situation
None of the above

Question 146 of 192

146. Question

Define public ‘goods’ and public ‘bads’.

Public goods are those in which unrestrained market competition is not effective (i.e. hospitals). Public bads are the result of unrestrained market competition (i.e. pollution)
Public goods are those goods that are free for the public. Public bads are those that are extremely expensive
Public goods are positive intangible sentiments widespread in the public (i.e. happiness, pride, nationalism). Public bads are negative attributes that are widespread in the public (i.e. violence, crime)
All of the obove

Question 147 of 192

147. Question

What is anomie?

It is a situation in which rules are not being followed
It is a system in which there are no norms or rules
Anarchy
Both b and c

Question 148 of 192

148. Question

How do neo-liberals understand power in the process of regime formation?

Power does not come into play when a state enters an international regime
Power can be used by a hegemon to pressure other states to collaborate and conform to a regime
In the absence of hegemonic power, states can establish and maintain regimes through reciprocity
b and c

Question 149 of 192

149. Question

How do realists understand power in the process of regime formation?

States have to submit their power every time a regime is formed
Only powerful actors can from regimes, powerless actors must submit to them
Realist do not accept that regimes can actually be formed
Power is used to form regimes if such regime promotes the power-holder's long-term interests

Question 150 of 192

150. Question

What are the main impediments to regime formation?

Lack of initiative from states
Slow economic growth
The anarchic structure of the international system, competition among actors, lack of reciprocity, and focus on relative power
a and b

Question 151 of 192

151. Question

What provides an escape route to the prisoner’s dilemma?

A hegemon
The shadow of the future
An information-rich environment
All of the above

Question 152 of 192

152. Question

Define diplomacy:

In world politics, diplomacy is a communications process between international actors that seeks through negotiation to resolve conflict short of war
IN foreign policy, diplomacy is a policy instrument to enable an international actor to achieve its policy objectives
Diplomacy focuses on the resolution of conflict through dialogue and negotiation
All of the above

Question 153 of 192

153. Question

What is mixed diplomacy?

Mixed diplomacy encompasses realist and liberal theories to be used as a policy instrument
Mixed diplomacy is when diplomacy is a means to communicate the use or threatened use of other instruments
Mixed diplomacy is both a policy instrument and a process
None of the above

Question 154 of 192

154. Question

How is traditional diplomacy distinguished from its predecessors in the ancient and medieval worlds?

Traditional diplomacy constituted a communications process between recognizably modern states rather than between other forms of political organization
Traditional diplomacy was more inclined to negotiate and cooperate and less of an instrument to threaten the use of force
The structure of traditional diplomacy was institutionalized
a and c

Question 155 of 192

155. Question

What was the dramatic focus of diplomatic activity associated with ‘East – West’ confrontation during the Cold War?

To prevent the ideological spread of their counterparts in their region
To gain the hearts and minds of non-aligned countries
To avoid a global nuclear conflict
All of the above

Question 156 of 192

156. Question

What is developmental diplomacy?

It is an approach to foreign policy that seeks to enhance economic development through trade liberalization
A process whereby developed countries create development funds, usually at summit meetings
Processes whereby developing countries attempt to negotiate improvements in their position in the international political economy
Both b and c

Question 157 of 192

157. Question

Why did the attacks of September 11, 2011 produce a pessimistic view for diplomacy?

Because many diplomats died that day
Because it was unclear what negotiation and diplomacy can contribute to resolve a conflict with terrorism in the future
Because the Bush administration's 'war against terrorism' suggested that military force and other coercive measures would be used to resolve this conflict
Both b and c

Question 158 of 192

158. Question

What are the major functions of the ‘diplomatic machine’?

Information gathering
Policy advice
Representation and Consular Services
All of the above

Question 159 of 192

159. Question

Why is state-based diplomacy no longer significant?

Because globalization has taken away the focus on the state
Because of the increased amount of non-state actors that are significant in the international stage
It is still significant, since most diplomatic agency is still the preserve of states
b and c

Question 160 of 192

160. Question

What are some/challenges to state-based diplomacy?

Diplomats no longer operate within the well-defined shell of the state, rather, they now operate within shifting boundaries of state sovereignty
The growth of civil society and non-governmental organizations require a more broad-based diplomacy
State-based diplomacy is outdated
a and b

Question 161 of 192

161. Question

Why are developing states ‘handicapped’ diplomatically?

Because their education systems are les advanced
Because they don't have the resources to maintain diplomats
Because they have relatively underdeveloped diplomatic machinery and a restricted range of policy instruments
Because they prefer to handle domestic matters first

International Relations - Miscellaneous MCQs (l)

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